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The European Commission has approved (with commitments) the planned acquisition by Axalto of Gemplus. Both companies produce and sell worldwide smart cards used for mobile phones, payments and identification, and related products and services. CRA International provided economic advice to both parties. Issues raised by the acquisition included the number of competitors and importance of incumbency in bidding markets and the role of the parties in innovation. The merger was cleared after Axalto agreed undertakings on interoperability of its products and licensing of its patents.