Farrell and Shapiro (2008) have proposed a test – called the Upward Pricing Pressure (UPP) test – to evaluate potential unilateral effects of horizontal mergers. This comment shows that the UPP test – suitably reinterpreted and properly implemented – can be applied usefully also in industries where suppliers set prices through bidding competition.
IP Literature Watch: September 2025
We are pleased to present the latest edition of CRA’s IP Literature Watch. This issue contains pieces on antitrust & IP, licensing, litigation, innovation, law...