Farrell and Shapiro (2008) have proposed a test – called the Upward Pricing Pressure (UPP) test – to evaluate potential unilateral effects of horizontal mergers. This comment shows that the UPP test – suitably reinterpreted and properly implemented – can be applied usefully also in industries where suppliers set prices through bidding competition.
Antitrust Economics for Lawyers 2026
Designed for antitrust practitioners without requiring an economics background, the book explains complex concepts in an accessible but rigorous way, pairing...