Farrell and Shapiro (2008) have proposed a test – called the Upward Pricing Pressure (UPP) test – to evaluate potential unilateral effects of horizontal mergers. This comment shows that the UPP test – suitably reinterpreted and properly implemented – can be applied usefully also in industries where suppliers set prices through bidding competition.
IP Literature Watch: January 2023
In this month’s IP Literature Watch we include a chapter discussing the current state of legal, economic, and policy research on standard-essential patents and...