Farrell and Shapiro (2008) have proposed a test – called the Upward Pricing Pressure (UPP) test – to evaluate potential unilateral effects of horizontal mergers. This comment shows that the UPP test – suitably reinterpreted and properly implemented – can be applied usefully also in industries where suppliers set prices through bidding competition.
What’s 340B? An economist’s view of the recent wave of 340B litigation
But this change has led to complex relationships among pharmaceutical manufacturers, hospitals, pharmacies, and third-party administrators, increasing...