Farrell and Shapiro (2008) have proposed a test – called the Upward Pricing Pressure (UPP) test – to evaluate potential unilateral effects of horizontal mergers. This comment shows that the UPP test – suitably reinterpreted and properly implemented – can be applied usefully also in industries where suppliers set prices through bidding competition.
AI in Health Care: Case Law and Enforcement Trends
Their discussion explores pressing issues surrounding artificial intelligence in healthcare, including antitrust concerns, patient-facing applications, claims...