For the U.S. Department of Commerce, CRA experts analyzed the energy required to recover and process the metallic raw materials contained in manganese nodules. The study was intended to provide an objective comparison of the energy requirements to produce metals from ocean nodules with those involved in the production of the metals from land- based sources. Because of the simultaneous production of metals (nickel, copper, cobalt and manganese), energy was not assigned by individual metals but rather they were calculated to produce the same annual quantities of metals.
Mining arbitrations in practice: Filing trends, shifting geography, and claimant recovery
Building on CRA’s 2023 study of disputes involving mineral assets, Tiago Duarte-Silva and Swati Kanoria examine over 150 investor-State mining arbitrations...