For the U.S. Department of Commerce, CRA analyzed the energy required to recover and process the metallic raw materials contained in manganese nodules. The study was intended to provide an objective comparison of the energy requirements to produce metals from ocean nodules with those involved in the production of the metals from land- based sources. Because of the simultaneous production of metals (nickel, copper, cobalt and manganese), energy was not assigned by individual metals but rather they were calculated to produce the same annual quantities of metals.
Mining arbitrations involving offtake agreements: Industry and damages considerations
Under an offtake mining agreement, a buyer or offtaker commits to purchase a specified quantity or portion of a seller’s future mining output. Offtake mining...